Влияние индивидуального опыта на профилактику и компенсацию когнитивных последствий старения: нейрофизиологические и поведенческие данныеEffects of individual experience on prevention and compensation of age-related cognitive decline: neural and behavioral evidence

Our aging world is faced with the ever-growing incidence of dementia and age-related cognitive decline. In the absence of satisfactory pharmacological treatments, it becomes increasingly important to identify alternative, lifestyle-based approaches to preventing and mitigating age-related cognitive impairments. The leading theoretical framework in this area is that of so-called cognitive reserve (CR). CR is defined as the level of resilience of an individual’s cognitive processes to age-related brain deterioration. One experience-related factor that has been linked to CR build-up is bilingualism: by means of a constant additional cognitive effort required to control dual-language use, bilinguals strengthen their neurocognitive substrate which provides a protective effect against age-related cognitive decline, mediated by the CR mechanism. In my PhD research, I examined the role of individual life experiences, bilingualism in particular, in promoting the development of CR during the entire lifespan. Moreover, to tackle the long-standing issue of CR measurability, I refined recent approaches to devise a novel method for quantifying CR directly. For the first time in the literature, I tested its validity by comparing it with traditional approaches to measuring CR. This newly-developed measure may contribute to advancing the theoretical framework of CR, as well as inform the clinical practice, enabling new approaches in the fight against cognitive aging through the design of personalized care plans. Individuating CR-enhancing factors and their underlying mechanisms may provide a tool to improve senior citizens’ quality of life, and ease the economic burden on healthcare systems and public funds.