US Economic Sanctions as a Factor of Russian-Chinese Cooperation Development in 2017-2023.

This article examines how the economic sanctions imposed by the United States against Russia and China in the period 2017-2023 became an important factor that pushed the two countries to strengthen their comprehensive partnership and strategic interaction, entering a new era. This article explores how China and Russia can jointly respond to economic sanctions and political isolation of the United States by deepening bilateral cooperation, using the theory of neoclassical realism. The focus is on the economic sanctions imposed by the United States against Russia and China during the Trump and Biden years, and the retaliatory measures of Russia and China. The main conclusion of the study is that US economic sanctions act as a structural factor stimulating the development of relations between the Russian Federation and China in a number of significant strategic areas in the field of energy, finance, trade, science and technology. Nevertheless, the nature of the policy of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China differs both due to national specifics and due to differences in the scale of sanctions, pressure exerted, as well as the affected areas, while cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China affects, on the one hand, narrow areas for both sides, on the other hand, it is based on the possibilities of complementary interaction.