Expression of Early Response Genes to Chemotherapy in Bladder Cancer

This work examines the role of early response genes to chemotherapy in bladder cancer. Bladder cancer is one of the most common and difficult cancers to treat, especially due to its late diagnosis and high relapse rate. The disease is more often diagnosed in men, especially between the ages of 50 and 80 years, and can manifest itself in a non-invasive form or in an invasive form, penetrating into the muscle layer and leading to high mortality. One of the key challenges in the treatment of bladder cancer is the variability of response to chemotherapy, where the mainstay of treatment after tumor surgery involves the use of cisplatin and gemcitabine. However, about 70% of patients respond poorly to chemotherapy or develop drug resistance. This is what makes it necessary to study the molecular mechanisms influencing the response to chemotherapy. The purpose of this work is to identify and evaluate the significance of early response genes to chemotherapy in bladder cancer in cell lines and patient samples, as well as their effectiveness in predicting cytotoxicity when using cisplatin and gemcitabine. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were organized: Review of the scientific literature on gene expression studies during chemotherapy using cisplatin and gemcitabine in various cancers. Analysis of the expression of biomarkers FOS, JUN, MYC, EGR, GSR, HSPA1A, BRCA1, RRM1 and ERCC1 in patients with bladder cancer receiving chemotherapy. Study of the correlation of the expression of these markers with the response to treatment and patient survival. Study of the expression of these markers on bladder cancer cell lines with different sensitivity to cisplatin and gemcitabine. Research has shown that studying the expression of early response genes to chemotherapy can help personalize treatment, improve prediction of treatment effectiveness, and reduce the risks of complications. The results obtained may be of significant interest both to researchers in the field of molecular oncology and to practicing oncologists. The work is based on a comprehensive analysis of the literature and experimental data, including methods for assessing gene expression and their correlation with clinical outcomes. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that molecular profiling can help develop more effective treatment strategies for bladder cancer, representing an important contribution to cancer science and practice.