Transformation of Chinese technological diplomacy in the development of Russian-Chinese relations (2013-2023)

Technological and scientific cooperation between territories, States and other entities has existed for many centuries. However, as human civilization developed, States strengthened their sovereignty and national identity. In times of conflict, some have even lost the opportunity to buy technology or simply exchange science. The scientific discovery boom of the 19th century led to the spread of the invention worldwide. However, obtaining technology from outside has become more difficult, but political alliances have facilitated this process. As early as 1949, when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People’s Republic of China begin diplomatic relations, it is clear that cooperation will flourish in the near future. Active development of relations began only in the eighties of the last century, when consulates in Leningrad and Shanghai were opened, exchanges of students and researchers began. Russia, both the symbolic and legal successor of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, continued friendly relations with the People’s Republic of China. The Treaty on Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation proposed by the former President of the People’s Republic of China, Jiang Zemin, was the cornerstone of cooperation among States. By the way, the contract is renewed every 10 years, which is twice. The agreement also justifies the importance of technology partnerships in article 16. This final qualifying paper tells about a fairly new concept, namely technology diplomacy. The paper gives the history of the concept and the definition. In simple terms, technological diplomacy is a new way of looking at the exchange and development of technology between countries through diplomacy. It is Chinese technological diplomacy in Russian-Chinese relations that studies this work. The main objective is to determine the direction of the development of China’s technological diplomacy in Russian-Chinese relations. The chronological framework of the work is outlined in 2013-2023. This is the time of the chairmanship in China Xi Jinping, and in Russia the presidency of V.V. Putin. Heads of State are close friends, according to some sources. This is confirmed by their frequent visits to the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation. Moreover, many researchers characterize Russian-Chinese relations as partnership relations of all-round strategic cooperation. The Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China cooperate extensively in the innovation and technology sector, as shown by this work. Moreover, the work explores the potentials of different regions of Russia with the aim of developing or creating Sino-Russian technology centers and technoparks. Recommendations are also given to strengthen technological cooperation between China and Russia.