Джаруван Сакулку и Джеймс Александр «The Impostor Phenomenon»
Недавно мы пообещали регулярно делиться литературой, посвященной «феномену самозванца» — благо, волшебная Анна Сергеевна Кан, преподаватель Программы, подготовила обширнейший и полезнейший список источников. Что же, выполняем! Вслед за статьей Полин Роуз Кланс и Сюзанны Имс, с которой начались исследования самой этой темы, предлагаем изучить публикацию The Impostor Phenomenon, вышедшую в Международном журнале поведенческой науки в 2011 году.
По сути, это самый емкий и четко структурированный обзор сути и особенностей феномена, а также глоссарий терминов, положений и принципов, которые используются в научном сообществе. Если угодно — система координат, внутри которой все и происходит. Международный дуэт психоаналитиков — Джаруван Сакулку из Таиланда и Джеймс Александр из Австралии — перелопатил десятки статей и публикаций, чтобы привести выводы к общему знаменателю и выстроить базу для дальнейшей работы. Которая еще далека от завершения.
Как и предыдущая, эта работа доступна только на английском языке — но написана максимально просто и доходчиво, к тому же снабжена схемами и таблицами для пущей наглядности. Если перевод вам все равно понадобится — в наше время умных нейросетей с ним не должно возникнуть больших проблем. Протестировать можно вот на этом отрывке:
The Impostor Cycle is one of the most important characteristics of the Impostor Phenomenon. The Impostor Cycle starts when an achievement-related task, such as school work or vocational task is assigned. Individuals with trait impostor fears are bothered by anxiety-related symptomsю They may react to this anxiety either by extreme over-preparation, or initial procrastination followed by frenzied preparation. Following task completion, there is an initial sense of relief and accomplishment, but those good feelings do not persist. Although Impostors may receive positive feedback about their successful accomplishment of the task, Impostors deny their success is related to their own ability. They reject positive messages about their personal contribution because those messages are incongruent with their perception of their mechanics of success.
If Impostors have over-prepared, they believe that their success is due to hard work. Those who initially procrastinate, likely attribute their success to luck. Impostors also hold fixed beliefs that accomplishment through hard work does not reflect true or real ability. The combination of Impostors’ beliefs about the mechanics of success and their perceptions of the key contribution of effort or luck influencing their success on a particular task reinforces the Impostor Cycle. When facing a new achievement-related task, self-doubt creates a high level of anxiety, and the Impostor Cycle is repeated.
Overworking is one observed and self-perceived pattern of the Impostor Cycle. Overworking becomes problematic when the amount of effort and energy invested in a task exceeds that for producing work of reasonable quality, and interferes with other priorities. Even though individuals with impostor fears recognize this overworking pattern, they often find it difficult to break this cycle. Clance observed that Impostors often have strong beliefs that they will become a failure if they do not follow the same working style.
Another complication is that repetition of success reinforces the feeling of fraudulence instead of weakening the links of the Impostor Cycle. Clance has suggested that Impostors have high expectation for their goals and have their own concept of ideal success. Impostors disregard their success if there is any gap between their actual performance and their ideal standard, which contributes to discounting of positive feedback. Since Impostors are high achievers who also “make unreasonably low assessments of their performance”, the repetitions of success emphasize the discrepancy between their actual and ideal standards of success as well as strengthening the feeling of being a fraud or an impostor.